FREE SAMPLE — 10 patents from G21B3/00 (Cold Fusion/LENR) Get the full report →
Confidential — Attorney Work Product
G21B3/00
Cold Fusion/LENR
382
Physics Violations
264
Questionable
86
Valid

Total patents analyzed: 732  •  Violation rate: 52%

Generated February 22, 2026  •  apex-core.org

Executive Summary

G21B3/00 — Cold Fusion/LENR

USPTO patent class physics violation analysis

382
Violations
52.2% of total
264
Questionable
36.1% of total
732
Total Analyzed
11.7% valid

Violations by Pattern

A
Incomplete Energy Accounting
159
B
Thermodynamically Impossible Mechanisms
87
C
Technical Obfuscation
136
Fusion reactor using optical control of quantum tunneling
WO2025207152A2  •  95% confidence
VIOLATION
Claimed Energy Source

The claimed energy source is nuclear fusion, initiated by an optical laser input. The system purports to use laser pulses to modify the quantum state of fluid fuel particles to increase their fusion probability.

AI Physics Analysis

The patent describes using shaped infrared laser pulses to control quantum states and induce fusion in fluid fuel at ambient temperatures. This violates established physics because the optical photon energies involved are millions of times smaller than the energy required to overcome the Coulomb barrier between atomic nuclei for fusion, with no plausible mechanism provided. The claims use correct optical terminology but obfuscate the fundamental energy scale problem.

Specific Physics Issues
  • Claims 'ambient or low temperature' fusion without explaining how to overcome the Coulomb barrier for light nuclei (e.g., D-T, D-D).
  • No mechanism provided for how optical control of quantum states at IR wavelengths (0.08-1.8 eV) can induce fusion, which requires overcoming MeV-scale repulsion.
  • Incomplete energy accounting: The electrical input to the laser is not compared to the claimed fusion energy output to establish net gain (Q>1).
  • The described optical components (beam expanders, polarizers) are for beam shaping, not for providing the immense energy density required for fusion initiation.
PATTERN A - INCOMPLETE ENERGY ACCOUNTING PATTERN B - THERMODYNAMICALLY IMPOSSIBLE MECHANISMS PATTERN C - TECHNICAL OBFUSCATION
A multi power generating device and a method.
WO2025014409A1  •  95% confidence
VIOLATION
Claimed Energy Source

Unclear. Claims suggest electricity generation from ionized fluid flow and 'electrochemical and fusion reactions' without specifying a primary energy input. The described system appears to be a closed-loop fluid circuit with internal energy extraction.

AI Physics Analysis

The device claims to generate electricity from ionized fluid flow and unspecified 'fusion reactions' in a closed-loop system. It violates core thermodynamics by implying net energy output without a defined energy input, constituting a perpetual motion scheme. The mention of fusion is physically implausible given the described apparatus.

Specific Physics Issues
  • Violates First Law (Energy Conservation): No identifiable net energy input to the system. Claims of generating electricity along the tubular path and from a reactor imply net energy output with no commensurate fuel consumption or high-grade energy in
  • Violates Second Law: Proposes extracting work from a closed fluid loop with heat exchangers, implying a perpetual motion machine of the first kind. The 'fusion reactions' claim is unsupported by any described mechanism to achieve necessary conditions
  • Incomplete Energy Accounting: Describes electricity generation from ionized fluid motion but omits the substantial energy required to ionize, accelerate, and maintain the fluid flow against losses.
PATTERN A - INCOMPLETE ENERGY ACCOUNTING PATTERN B - THERMODYNAMICALLY IMPOSSIBLE MECHANISMS
Quantum mechanical system and methods for channel stimulation and extraction
WO2023168385A2  •  95% confidence
VIOLATION
Claimed Energy Source

Unclear. Claims suggest energy is generated from nuclear fusion (D+D→He + γ + energy) initiated by electrolysis and stimulated by alpha/gamma radiation, but the described mechanism of 'probability-enhanced intermediate channels' lacks a coherent physical basis for energy input.

AI Physics Analysis

The patent describes a system claiming to produce helium and excess energy from deuterium oxide via electrolysis and radioactive stimulation. The proposed mechanism misuses quantum mechanics and lacks a credible physical basis for overcoming the Coulomb barrier for nuclear fusion at low temperatures, violating energy conservation. The terminology is obfuscatory, and the claimed 'excess energy' output is thermodynamically impossible without an unaccounted-for energy source.

Specific Physics Issues
  • Claims 'excess-generated energy' from deuterium fusion without a credible mechanism to overcome Coulomb barrier at room temperature.
  • Uses quantum mechanical terminology ('infinite number of equal-probability State B channels', 'PView', 'Ying Cell') in a vague, non-standard way that does not connect to established physics.
  • Proposes to extract net energy (helium + γ + excess energy) from a system whose primary inputs are electrical (15V DC) and low-activity radioactive sources (μCi levels), implying energy multiplication.
PATTERN A - INCOMPLETE ENERGY ACCOUNTING: 'Excess-generated PATTERN B - THERMODYNAMICALLY IMPOSSIBLE MECHANISMS: Suggest PATTERN C - TECHNICAL OBFUSCATION: Uses correct terms (quant
The irradiation of atomic particles with light at a wavelength of 453 nanometers to generate energy
WO2024174046A2  •  95% confidence
VIOLATION
Claimed Energy Source

Unclear. The claim suggests energy generation from irradiating unspecified 'atomic particles' with monochromatic light (453 nm), implying the output energy exceeds the input optical energy.

AI Physics Analysis

The claim describes irradiating particles with light to 'generate energy' but provides no mechanism for how this process could yield more energy than the light itself supplies. This violates energy conservation (Pattern A) and uses vague technical terms like 'atomic particles' and 'generate energy' without a coherent physical model (Pattern C).

Specific Physics Issues
  • No identifiable external energy source beyond the input light itself
  • Implies energy multiplication without a described mechanism
  • Violates energy conservation if net energy output > optical energy input
  • No thermodynamic cycle or gradient described to enable work extraction
A C
Magnetohydrodynamic cavitation fusion energy generator
WO2023122297A1  •  95% confidence
VIOLATION
Claimed Energy Source

Unclear. The primary claimed source is fusion in a lithium-ammonia fuel, but the described mechanism (cavitation, magnetic fields, arcing electrodes) is insufficient to achieve the conditions (high temperature/pressure) required for significant net fusion yield. The rotational energy input to the armature is the only explicit energy input, but its conversion to fusion energy is not plausibly explained.

AI Physics Analysis

The device claims fusion energy generation but describes a cavitation and arcing system wholly incapable of creating the necessary conditions for fusion. It mixes correct physics terms (magnetohydrodynamic, fusion) incorrectly, creating a veneer of plausibility while relying on an undefined and impossible energy conversion process.

Specific Physics Issues
  • No mechanism described to achieve the extreme temperature and confinement needed for net-energy-gain fusion.
  • Cavitation in a liquid metal-ammonia mixture cannot generate the multi-keV temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion.
  • The system appears to attempt to extract electrical energy directly from fusion reactions without a clear, thermodynamically sound conversion process (e.g., heat cycle).
  • The inclusion of a 'radiation source' in the fuel (Claim 2, 6) suggests a reliance on radioactive decay, not fusion, as an energy source, which is obfuscated.
PATTERN C: Technical Obfuscation PATTERN B: Thermodynamically Impossible Mechanisms
Selective transmutation of reactive molecules in a reactor
WO2025017371A2  •  75% confidence
QUESTIONABLE
Claimed Energy Source

Primary energy input is from an external AC source and a DC power source, which power the primary circuit. The device claims to impart energy from injected dipolar molecules to the secondary circuit via high-voltage resonant interactions.

AI Physics Analysis

The device uses external electrical power to create high-voltage fields and sparks. While the physics of manipulating dipolar molecules with fields is valid, the claim of imparting energy from these molecules to the circuit is vague and suggests incomplete energy accounting, as the molecules are not an identified energy source.

Specific Physics Issues
  • Incomplete energy accounting: The claim that energy is 'imparted from dipolar molecules to a circuit' is vague. The molecules themselves are not an energy source unless they possess chemical or internal energy that is being converted, which is not sp
  • Ambiguous mechanism: The described high-voltage resonant relationships and discharges are a method of applying energy to the molecules, not a clear mechanism for extracting net useful work from them. The 'selective transmutation' claim is unsupported
  • No thermodynamic limit comparison: The system's claimed performance or efficiency is not stated, making it impossible to evaluate against thermodynamic limits for any purported energy conversion process.
Fast burning fusion process in space
WO2024092299A2  •  85% confidence
QUESTIONABLE
Claimed Energy Source

The primary energy input is the kinetic energy of the external ignitor (projectile, beam, or photon sail impact), which is intended to trigger a self-sustaining fusion burn wave in the fuel (e.g., He3).

AI Physics Analysis

The claim is not an explicit violation of energy conservation, as it specifies a large external energy input. However, it uses correct physics terms in a vague and non-standard way to describe an unsupported mechanism for achieving and stabilizing a fusion burn wave, making its feasibility highly questionable.

Specific Physics Issues
  • Claims of 'stable proton burn wave' and 'iterative cycle' are vague and lack a described physical mechanism for overcoming plasma disassembly and energy losses.
  • No quantitative analysis of energy balance (ignition energy vs. fusion yield) or confinement time is provided.
  • The described process of a relativistic shock wave 'maintaining pressure and density' against radiative and hydrodynamic losses is not substantiated.
  • The terminology (e.g., 'proton bum wave') is non-standard and suggests conceptual confusion.
Beam-catalyzed volume ignition of fusion reactions
AU2022334316A1  •  70% confidence
QUESTIONABLE
Claimed Energy Source

Electrical input to lasers (compression and ion acceleration) which deliver energy to a solid hydrogen-boron-11 fuel target to initiate fusion. The claimed net energy output would come from the exothermic p-B11 fusion reaction.

AI Physics Analysis

The patent describes a fusion concept without violating fundamental conservation laws, as the ultimate energy source is nuclear. However, it makes vague quantitative performance claims and omits the critical energy accounting needed to demonstrate net energy gain, placing it in the 'questionable' category due to technical obfuscation and unsubstantiated feasibility.

Specific Physics Issues
  • Claim 16 specifies a performance metric (2e16 alpha particles per kJ laser energy) which, if referring to total laser input energy, implies a fusion energy gain Q ~ 0.1-1.0, not clearly above break-even. The patent lacks quantitative analysis of ener
  • The described 'beam-catalyzed volume ignition' mechanism using a secondary laser to accelerate ions through a compressed target is a speculative concept. The technical feasibility of efficiently igniting p-B11 fusion (which requires very high tempera
Reduced form factor plasma windows positioned in a beam accelerator system
WO2025111236A1  •  95% confidence
VALID
Claimed Energy Source

External electrical power to the ion accelerator and plasma window (anode/cathode system) provides all energy. The system is a particle accelerator with a specialized vacuum/pressure interface.

AI Physics Analysis

This patent describes a mechanical and electrical design for a plasma window used in a particle accelerator system. It consumes external electrical power to create and sustain a plasma, acting as a barrier between different pressure regions. No conservation law or thermodynamic limit is violated; it is an engineering design improvement for a known technology.

Component for containing fluid fuel
WO2025088310A1  •  95% confidence
VALID
Claimed Energy Source

External shockwave incident on the component provides the energy input to shock the contained fluid fuel.

AI Physics Analysis

The patent describes a passive mechanical component (a fuel chamber with a non-linear fill line) designed to be energized by an external shockwave. No thermodynamic cycle or energy creation is claimed; it is purely a containment and delivery geometry. The claims are structurally descriptive and imply no violation of conservation laws.